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The ''Proclamation of Timișoara'' was a thirteen-point written document, drafted on March 11, 1990 by the Timişoara participants in Romania's 1989 Revolution, and partly issued in reaction to the first Mineriad. Organized as the ''Timișoara Society'' and other bodies of students and workers, the signers expressed liberal-democratic goals,〔Baga, p.102; Neumann, p.193; Rekosh, p.141〕 which they saw as representing the revolutionary legacy.〔Cesereanu; Neumann, p.190, 193; Rekosh, p.141〕 The best-known requirement formed the document's 8th Point, calling for all former Romanian Communist Party ''nomenklatura'' and Securitate cadres to be banned from holding public office for a period of 10 years (or three consecutive legislatures), with an emphasis on the office of President (''see Lustration'').〔Cesereanu; Lovatt; Neumann, p.190-193; Rekosh, p.141〕 Questioning the status of the governing National Salvation Front, the Proclamation argued that the latter primarily represented a small group of Communist dissidents who had opposed Nicolae Ceauşescu's authoritarian regime and had subsequently monopolized power.〔Rekosh, p.141〕 These requirements replicated the earlier manifesto authored in Bucharest by philosopher Gabriel Liiceanu (''Apel către lichele'', the "Appeal to the Scoundrels").〔Cesereanu; Gheorghiu & Pătrășconiu〕 Over the following period, the document was recognized and advocated by hundreds of civic associations, while almost 4 million citizens signed appeals in favor of incorporating the 8th Point into electoral law.〔 The latter was also one of the main requests of the Bucharest Golaniad (which was violently repressed during the third Mineriad in June of the same year).〔 ==Character== In its final shape, the text owed much to the inspiration of George Şerban, a local academic and writer.〔Cesereanu; Gheorghiu & Pătrășconiu; Neumann, p.190-196; Ripa & Istodor〕 According to historian Victor Neumann, Șerban was in turn inspired by his collaborator Alexandra Indrieş, an influential intellectual and a former political prisoner during the 1950s.〔Neumann, p.196〕 After being written down, the Proclamation was publicly read by Șerban from the National Opera's balcony.〔Ripa & Istodor〕 One of the purposes stated in the document was the explicit condemnation of Communism. Proclaiming class solidarity, the text opposed "the typically communist method of domination by spreading feuds among social classes".〔2nd Point of the Proclamation; Neumann, p.190〕 While expressing the will of "not copy() the western capitalist systems with their drawbacks and inequities",〔10th Point of the Proclamation〕 the 10th Point of the Proclamation argued in favor of privatization (expressed ideally under the form of "distributing the stocks equally among the workers, the state keeping only those funds that may ensure the control of the activity")〔 and immediate investments in the public sector (as a means to prevent the consequences of inflation).〔9th Point of the Proclamation〕 The 11th Point also made mention of Timișoara's openness to a market economy, decentralization, and foreign capital, proposing for a foreign trade bank to be opened in the city.〔11th Point of the Proclamation〕 The text also expressed a hope that members of the Romanian diaspora who had left the country under the Communist regime were to return to their homeland and contribute to the society, and set itself against the portion of the public "who, instigated by obscure forces, abused the returned exiles".〔12th Point of the Proclamation〕 A similar call for solidarity was expressed in regard to ethnic relations (the document stated opposition to all forms of "chauvinism", depicting Timișoara as the paramount representative of "the spirit of tolerance and mutual respect, the sole principles reigning in the future European House"),〔4th Point of the Proclamation〕 and a multi-party system based on free elections was endorsed, with the exclusion of "extremist (), be they leftist or rightist".〔5th Point of the Proclamation〕 The document also proposed that the Romanian Communist Party had failed to meet the criteria for participation in Romanian politics, having "discredited itself by degenerating into red fascism".〔 In its 7th Point, the Proclamation indicated that activists of the Communist Party had displayed "cowardice" as early as 1979, by refusing to join Constantin Pîrvulescu in open disobedience to Ceaușescu.〔7th Point of the Proclamation〕 The 6th point condemned "prejudice" and "manipulation" against the emerging opposition parties (specifically, the historical National Peasants' Party and National Liberals), citing examples where the "groups interested in resuscitating communism" had incited public sentiment with slogans of reportedly Stalinist inspiration.〔6th Point of the Proclamation〕 Neumann attributed several of the radical social and economic goals, as well as the moral discourse associated with the 8th Point requirements, to the authors' awareness of Marxist theories〔Neumann, p.190-192〕 (for a certain period, George Şerban had taught Marxism at the Timişoara Polytechnic University).〔Neumann, p.191〕 While commending the document for thus identifying and radically condemning Communist practices,〔 he expressed his personal opposition to the 8th Point, which he believed to be rooted in "Marxist historicism"〔 and attempting to impose a "moral code" in "situations () call for a series of compromises".〔Neumann, p.192〕 A final demand regarded proposals that December 22, the date of revolutionary victory in Bucharest, be proclaimed the national holiday of Romania. The text argued against such a move, and, citing the example of Bastille Day in France, proposed December 16, when revolution broke in Timișoara, as the moment of celebration.〔13th Point of the Proclamation〕 Eventually, the 1991 Constitution enforced an unrelated event, Union Day (December 1), as the legal holiday. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Proclamation of Timișoara」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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